Acting in a context where most of the previously existing national-level policy instruments have disappeared, and where other European policies potentially have more significant effects than the European Funds themselves, these funds are now an essential component of public policies and national planning processes. Understanding their inherent limitations and the distortions they can induce makes it clearer that there is a need for both autonomous national policies (and a budget for national investment worthy of that name) and an appropriate territorial structure of the State (that does not replace centralization with paralyzing atomization).